Variables: Variables are used to store values of a particular datatype.

Syntax:
access_modifier datatype VariableName

Constants: Constants are used to maintain a value throughout a program.

Syntax:
const datatype ConstantName = value;

Fundamental Types Of C#

C# divides data types into two fundamental categories

Value Types
Represent actual data
Just hold a value in memory
Are stored in a stack
int, char, structures

Reference Types
Signify a pointer or a reference to the data
Contains the address of the object in the heap
= null means that no object has been referenced
classes, interfaces, arrays, strings

Data types in C#

Boxing & Unboxing
Boxing is conversion of a value type into a reference type

Unboxing is the conversion of a reference type into a value type

With Boxing and unboxing one can link between value-types and reference-types by allowing any value of a value-type to be converted to and from type Object.

• Operators in C#Arithmetic
• Comparison
• Ternary (Conditional)
• Assignment
• Logical

Iteration Constructs
To perform a set of instructions for a certain number of times or while a specific condition is true.

Types of iteration constructs –
The While Loop
The Do Loop
The For Loop
The foreach Loop
Arrays
A group of values of similar data type
Belong to reference type and hence arrays are stored on the heap
The initialization or assigning of values to the array elements can be done when it is declared or at a later stage in the program.
Syntax:
DataType [number of elements] ArrayName;
exa : int[4] array1;
Structures
Custom data Types
Can have methods defined within them
Cannot implement inheritance
Represent Value types

exa:

struct student
{
public int stud_id;
public string stud_name;
public float stud_marks;

public void show_details()
{
//display student details
}

Enumerators
Enums (abbreviation for Enumerators) are a set of named numeric constants.
Used to define a data type that can have a specific set of values
Enumerators are defined using the keyword enum.

exa:
public enum WeekDays
{
Monday=1,
Tuesday=2,
Wednesday=3,
Thursday=4,
Friday=5
}

Object oriented programming with c#

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The .NET Framework defines the environment to execute Visual C# .NET applications and the services you can use within those applications.

The .NET Framework has two main components:

•  Common Language Runtime (CLR)
•  A unified set of class libraries

The .NET class libraries include code for programming topics such as threading, file I/O, database support, XML parsing, and data structures.

In addition to CLR and class libraries, the .NET framework also includes the programming languages and ASP.NET.

CLR and MSIL

CLR ensures that the functionality available to one language is available to any other .NET language.

Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is composed of a specific set of instructions that indicate how your code should be executed.

The main job of a JIT compiler is to translate your generic MSIL code into machine code that can be directly executed by your CPU.

MSIL code can be easily read by the verification process

CLS,CTS & Garbage Collector

• Common Language Specification (CLS)
• Is a set of rules that any .NET language should follow
• Is used to create applications that are interoperable with other languages

Common Type System (CTS) commonly:

• Contains the standard data types
• Contains the set of guidelines.

Garbage Collector

•  Is a destructor used for clean up operations
•  Is responsible for freeing up memory

Conclusion

• .NET Framework is made up of two major components; .NET Framework Class Library and Common Language Runtime.
• The CLR is a modern runtime environment that manages the execution of user code, providing services such as JIT compilation, memory management, exception management, debugging etc.
• The CTS defines the rules by which all types are declared, defined and managed, regardless of source language.
• The CLS is a set of minimum standards that all compilers targeting .NET must support to ensure language interoperability.
• Namespaces is a grouping of similar classes having related methods and is used specifically to avoid name clashes between classes.
• The Just In Time (JIT) compiler compiles the MSIL code into a native code that is specific to the OS and machine architecture being targeted.

Basic Data Types in C#

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