• A data structure is a logical method of representing data in memory.
• Data structure is strictly described as an instance of an Abstract Data Type (ADT).
• An Abstract Data Type is defined as a mathematical model of a user-defined type along with the operations performed on that model.

Algorithm

An algorithm can be described as sequence of steps or instructions required to solve a given problem.

It is a finite set of instructions written to accomplish a particular task.

When designing an algorithm, one must ensure that the

algorithm adheres to the following criteria:

Input: Some input data (can be empty in some cases) externally supplied to the algorithm

Output: At least one output is produced

Finiteness: The algorithm must terminate after finite number of steps

Definiteness: The instructions must be clear and unambiguous

Effectiveness: Every instruction must be basic enough to be carried out on paper

Following are certain points to be considered

while writing an algorithm :

Representing an algorithm.

Designing an algorithm.

Analyzing an algorithm.

Algorithm Analysis

Algorithm Analysis involves comparing different algorithms written for a specific problem. All the algorithms are compared for their space and time complexities.

Space complexity: It refers to the amount of storage the algorithm consumes.

Time complexity: It is the time required by the algorithm for execution.

Following are the different types of time complexities:

Best-case time complexity: It is the measure of minimum time required for an algorithm to execute for a known input size.

Average case time complexity: Average time complexity is the measure of time an algorithm will require to execute, for a typical input data size. This method requires statistical calculations.

Worst-case time complexity: It is the measure of maximum time required for an algorithm to execute for a known input size.

The post Data structure and algorithm appeared first on .

We can’t imagine a single moment without use of computer and internet today and it become necessary routine of our life but behind the use of computer and internet there are many computer languages involved and of course our dedicated programmer who always uses these programming languages to write software / web application and keep themselves in innovating new things such as design of interface or logic of the program and big thanks to them!

Following are the programming languages based on historical advancement and implementation in various real-time applications.

That’s all for now! wait for next article for more on history of programming  languages. 

The post History of programming languages appeared first on .

The .NET Framework defines the environment to execute Visual C# .NET applications and the services you can use within those applications.

The .NET Framework has two main components:

•  Common Language Runtime (CLR)
•  A unified set of class libraries

The .NET class libraries include code for programming topics such as threading, file I/O, database support, XML parsing, and data structures.

In addition to CLR and class libraries, the .NET framework also includes the programming languages and ASP.NET.

CLR and MSIL

CLR ensures that the functionality available to one language is available to any other .NET language.

Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL) is composed of a specific set of instructions that indicate how your code should be executed.

The main job of a JIT compiler is to translate your generic MSIL code into machine code that can be directly executed by your CPU.

MSIL code can be easily read by the verification process

CLS,CTS & Garbage Collector

• Common Language Specification (CLS)
• Is a set of rules that any .NET language should follow
• Is used to create applications that are interoperable with other languages

Common Type System (CTS) commonly:

• Contains the standard data types
• Contains the set of guidelines.

Garbage Collector

•  Is a destructor used for clean up operations
•  Is responsible for freeing up memory

Conclusion

• .NET Framework is made up of two major components; .NET Framework Class Library and Common Language Runtime.
• The CLR is a modern runtime environment that manages the execution of user code, providing services such as JIT compilation, memory management, exception management, debugging etc.
• The CTS defines the rules by which all types are declared, defined and managed, regardless of source language.
• The CLS is a set of minimum standards that all compilers targeting .NET must support to ensure language interoperability.
• Namespaces is a grouping of similar classes having related methods and is used specifically to avoid name clashes between classes.
• The Just In Time (JIT) compiler compiles the MSIL code into a native code that is specific to the OS and machine architecture being targeted.

Basic Data Types in C#

The post C# Introduction appeared first on .

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class test
{
public:
int bs, hra, pf, net;

getdata(int bs1, int hra1, int pf1)
{
bs=bs1;
hra=hra1;
pf=pf1;
net=bs+hra-pf;
return(net);
}

void display()
{
cout <<"Net Salary="<<net;
}
};

main()
{
clrscr();
test t;
t.getdata(10000,3000, 1500);
t.display();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;
int sum=a+b;
cout<<"\nResult="<<sum;
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int num;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter number:";
cin>>num;
cout<<"\nSquare of the given number="<<num*num;
cout<<"\nCube of the given number="<<num*num*num;
cout<<"\nSquare root of the given number="<<sqrt(num);
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int qty;
char itemnm[15];
float price,tot;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter item name:";
cin>>itemnm;
cout<<"\nEnter qty:";
cin>>qty;
cout<<"\nEnter price:";
cin>>price;
tot=qty*price;
clrscr();
cout<<"\n=====BILL=====";
cout<<"\nItem name:"<<itemnm;
cout<<"\nQty      :"<<qty;
cout<<"\nPrice    :"<<price;
cout<<"\nTotal Amt:"<<tot;
cout<<"\n==============";
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,ch;
clrscr();
cout<<"\n1.Addition";
cout<<"\n2.Multilplication";
cout<<"\nEnter choice:";
cin>>ch;
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
cout<<"\nResult="<<a+b;
break;
case 2:
cout<<"\nResult="<<a-b;
break;
default:
cout<<"\nInvalid choice";
break;
}
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
if(i==5)
goto a;
cout<<"\nI="<<i;
}
a:
cout<<"\nProgram terminated";
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int num[10];
int range;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter range:";
cin>>range;
cout<<"\nEnter "<<range<<" numbers:";
for(int i=0;i<range;i++)
cin>>num[i];
cout<<"\nThe given numbers are:";
for(i=0;i<range;i++)
cout<<"\n"<<num[i];
int big,small;
big=num[0];
small=num[0];
for(i=1;i<range;i++)
{
if(num[i]>big)
big=num[i];
else if(num[i]<small)
small=num[i];
}
cout<<"\nLargest number="<<big;
cout<<"\nSmallest number="<<small;
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
swap(int,int);

main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter two numbers:";
cin>>a>>b;

cout<<"\nBefore calling the function";
cout<<"\nA="<<a;
cout<<"\nB="<<b;

swap(a,b);
cout<<"\nAfter calling the function";
cout<<"\nA="<<a;
cout<<"\nB="<<b;
getch();
}

swap(int a,int b)
{
int temp=a;
a=b;
b=temp;
cout<<"\nInside the function";
cout<<"\nA="<<a;
cout<<"\nB="<<b;
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
main()
{
char str[25];
int i,len=0;
clrscr();
cout<<"\nEnter string:";
cin>>str;
for(i=0;str[i]!='\0';i++)
{
len++;
}
cout<<"\nLength of the string="<<len;
getch();
}

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
class EBill
{
 int meterno,units,tot;
 char cnm[15];
 public:
 void getInfo()
 {
  cout<<"\nEnter customer name:";
  cin>>cnm;
  cout<<"\nEnter number of units used:";
  cin>>units;
  cout<<"\nEnter meter number:";
  cin>>meterno;
 }
 void calc()
{
 if(1<= units<=150)
 tot=units*2+100;
 else if(150< units<=300)
 tot=units*3+100;
 else if(300< units<=400)
 tot=units*4+100;
 else
 tot=units*5+100;
}
void showBill()
{
cout<<"\n=====Electricity BILL======";
cout<<"\nCustomer name="<<cnm;
cout<<"\nNo. of Units ="<<units;
cout<<"\nMeter number ="<<meterno;
cout<<"\nTotal Bill   ="<<tot;
cout<<"\n================";
}
};
main()
{
clrscr();
EBill ob;
ob.getInfo();
ob.calc();
ob.showBill();
getch();
}

The post CPP Basic Programs-List1 appeared first on .