What is PEDIATRICS?

Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents, from birth up to the age of 18. Pediatricians are specialized doctors who are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage a wide range of medical conditions and illnesses in children, including infections, developmental disorders, injuries, and chronic conditions such as asthma and diabetes. They also focus on the physical, emotional, and social well-being of children and provide preventive care, such as vaccinations and regular check-ups, to ensure children stay healthy as they grow and develop.

Growth & Development of child

The growth and development of a child occur in a series of stages, each with unique characteristics and milestones. Here is a brief overview of the typical stages of growth and development in children:

1. Infancy (0-2 years): During this stage, infants rapidly grow and develop physically and cognitively. They learn to sit, crawl, walk, and talk, and they explore the world around them through their senses.

2. Early Childhood (2-6 years): During this stage, children continue to develop physically and cognitively, and their social and emotional development becomes more complex. They learn to play and interact with others, and they begin to develop a sense of self and independence.

3. Middle Childhood (6-11 years): During this stage, children continue to grow physically and develop cognitive skills, such as problem-solving and critical thinking. They also develop more complex social relationships and begin to form a sense of identity.

4. Adolescence (11-18 years): During this stage, adolescents experience significant physical, emotional, and cognitive changes as they transition from childhood to adulthood. They develop more advanced reasoning and decision-making skills, and their social relationships become even more complex.

It’s important to note that every child develops at their own pace, and there is a wide range of “normal” when it comes to developmental milestones. Pediatricians monitor a child’s growth and development and can provide guidance and support if there are any concerns. Parents and caregivers can also support a child’s growth and development through providing a safe and nurturing environment, healthy nutrition, opportunities for learning and play, and social support.

Growth Table & Growth Chart of child

Growth tables and growth charts are tools used by pediatricians to track a child’s physical growth over time. Here is some information about each:

1. Growth Tables: Growth tables are charts that show the average height and weight for children of different ages and genders. These tables are based on data collected from large groups of children and can be used by pediatricians to assess whether a child’s growth is within the expected range. By comparing a child’s height and weight to the values on the growth table, a pediatrician can determine whether the child is growing appropriately for their age.

2. Growth Charts: Growth charts are similar to growth tables, but they also include lines that show a child’s individual growth pattern over time. Pediatricians use growth charts to plot a child’s height and weight at each well-child visit and monitor their growth trajectory over time. The growth chart lines are based on data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and show the range of “normal” growth patterns for children of the same age and gender. If a child’s growth chart shows that they are growing too quickly or slowly, or if they are falling off their growth curve, the pediatrician may investigate further to determine if there is an underlying issue that needs to be addressed.

It’s important to note that growth tables and charts are just one tool used to assess a child’s growth and development. Other factors, such as a child’s overall health and development, also need to be taken into account. Pediatricians use a combination of tools and assessments to determine whether a child is growing and developing appropriately for their age.

Disorders of Growth & Development in child

There are many disorders that can affect the growth and development of a child. Here are a few examples:

1. Growth Hormone Deficiency: Growth hormone deficiency is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough growth hormone, which can result in slow or stunted growth.

2. Delayed Puberty: Delayed puberty is a condition in which a child’s physical and sexual development is delayed beyond the typical age range. This can be caused by hormonal imbalances, genetic factors, or certain medical conditions.

3. Intellectual Disability: Intellectual disability is a condition in which a child has significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors. This can affect a child’s ability to learn and develop new skills.

4. Autism Spectrum Disorder: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social communication and behavior. Children with ASD may have difficulty with social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors.

5. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect a child’s ability to pay attention and control impulsive behaviors.

6. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a condition that can occur in children whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. FAS can result in physical and cognitive impairments, as well as behavioral and emotional problems.

It’s important to note that early detection and intervention can help minimize the impact of these disorders on a child’s growth and development. Pediatricians can monitor a child’s growth and development and refer them for further evaluation and treatment if necessary.

Nutrition in child

Nutrition plays a crucial role in the growth and development of children. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to nutrition in children:

1. Macronutrients: Children need a balance of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) to support growth and development. Carbohydrates provide energy for the body, proteins are important for building and repairing tissues, and fats are important for brain development and overall health.

2. Micronutrients: In addition to macronutrients, children need a variety of micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) to support growth and development. These include vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, calcium, and others. A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products can help ensure that children get the nutrients they need.

3. Breastfeeding: Breast milk provides all the nutrients and antibodies that a baby needs in the first six months of life. Breastfeeding is recommended for at least the first year of life, and longer if possible.

4. Introduction of Solids: Around six months of age, babies should start to be introduced to solid foods. This should be done gradually, one new food at a time, to watch for any signs of allergies or intolerances. It’s important to offer a variety of nutrient-dense foods and to avoid foods that are high in sugar, salt, or unhealthy fats.

5. Mealtime Environment: Mealtime should be a positive and enjoyable experience for children. Parents and caregivers should offer a variety of healthy foods and encourage children to try new foods, but should not force children to eat or use food as a punishment or reward.

6. Role Modeling: Parents and caregivers can be positive role models for healthy eating habits by eating a variety of healthy foods themselves and encouraging healthy eating habits in the home.

It’s important to work with a pediatrician or a registered dietitian to ensure that children are getting the nutrients they need for optimal growth and development.

Nutritional Disorders, Under Nutrition, Vitamin Deficiencies in child

Nutritional disorders are conditions that occur when the body does not get the nutrients it needs to function properly. Two common types of nutritional disorders that can affect children are undernutrition and vitamin deficiencies.

1. Undernutrition: Undernutrition occurs when the body does not get enough calories or nutrients to meet its needs. This can result in stunted growth, delayed development, and weakened immune system. Undernutrition can be caused by inadequate food intake, poor food quality, or underlying medical conditions. Examples of undernutrition disorders in children include:

– Kwashiorkor: A severe form of protein-energy malnutrition that can occur when a child does not get enough protein in their diet.
– Marasmus: A form of severe malnutrition that can occur when a child does not get enough calories or a balanced mix of nutrients.
– Failure to thrive: A condition in which a child does not gain weight or grow at the expected rate.

2. Vitamin Deficiencies: Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. Deficiencies in certain vitamins can result in a range of health problems, including delayed growth and development. Examples of vitamin deficiencies in children include:

– Vitamin A deficiency: Can result in vision problems, weakened immune system, and delayed growth and development.
– Vitamin D deficiency: Can result in weakened bones and delayed growth and development.
– Vitamin B12 deficiency: Can result in anemia, neurological problems, and delayed growth and development.

It’s important to work with a pediatrician or a registered dietitian to ensure that children are getting the nutrients they need for optimal growth and development. Treatment for undernutrition or vitamin deficiencies may involve dietary changes, supplements, or medical interventions.

New Born Infants

Newborn infants are babies who are less than 1 month old. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to newborn care:

1. Feeding: Newborns need to be fed frequently, as often as 8 to 12 times per day. Breastfeeding is recommended for the first year of life, but formula can also be used if breastfeeding is not possible. It’s important to ensure that newborns are getting enough to eat and gaining weight at a healthy rate.

2. Sleep: Newborns sleep a lot, typically 16 to 17 hours per day. However, they also wake up frequently to eat. It’s important to create a safe sleeping environment for newborns, such as placing them on their back to sleep in a crib or bassinet that meets safety standards.

3. Diapering: Newborns need to have their diapers changed frequently, as often as 8 to 12 times per day. It’s important to keep the diaper area clean and dry to prevent diaper rash.

4. Bathing: Newborns only need to be bathed a few times per week. It’s important to use gentle, mild soap and to keep the baby warm during the bath.

5. Health Care: Newborns need to have regular check-ups with a pediatrician to monitor their growth and development. They also need to receive certain vaccines to protect against diseases.

6. Bonding: Bonding with a newborn is important for their emotional development. Skin-to-skin contact, talking, singing, and cuddling can all help promote bonding between parents and their newborn.

It’s important to remember that every newborn is unique and may have different needs. If you have questions or concerns about caring for your newborn, it’s important to speak with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider.

Neonatal Seizures

Neonatal seizures are seizures that occur in newborn infants. They can be a sign of an underlying neurological problem, such as brain injury, infections, or metabolic disorders. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to neonatal seizures:

1. Symptoms: Neonatal seizures can present in different ways, but common symptoms include jerking movements, staring spells, lip smacking, and rhythmic movements of the arms and legs. Seizures may be brief or prolonged, and they can occur frequently.

2. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of neonatal seizures may involve EEG (electroencephalogram) testing to monitor the electrical activity in the brain. Imaging tests, such as CT scans or MRIs, may also be used to evaluate for underlying brain abnormalities.

3. Treatment: Treatment for neonatal seizures may involve medications to control the seizures and address the underlying cause. Some medications that may be used include phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, or antiepileptic drugs. It’s important to closely monitor infants who are receiving medication for seizures, as they may have side effects or adverse reactions.

4. Prognosis: The prognosis for neonatal seizures depends on the underlying cause and how quickly the seizures are identified and treated. Some infants may experience developmental delays or neurological problems as a result of the seizures, while others may have a full recovery.

If you suspect that your newborn is experiencing seizures, it’s important to seek medical attention right away. Prompt identification and treatment of neonatal seizures can help prevent long-term complications and improve outcomes.

Physiological Jaundice of the New Born

Physiological jaundice of the newborn is a common condition that occurs in many newborn infants, typically within the first week of life. It is caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood, which is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to physiological jaundice of the newborn:

1. Symptoms: The primary symptom of physiological jaundice is yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes. The yellowing typically starts on the face and progresses downward to the chest, abdomen, and legs. The yellowing can be more prominent in premature infants and may last longer in breastfed infants.

2. Causes: Physiological jaundice occurs when a newborn’s liver is not yet mature enough to process bilirubin efficiently. As a result, bilirubin builds up in the blood and causes the yellowing of the skin and eyes. Other factors that can contribute to physiological jaundice include a higher number of red blood cells at birth, decreased caloric intake, and decreased bowel movements.

3. Treatment: Treatment for physiological jaundice may involve phototherapy, which uses special lights to help break down bilirubin in the blood. In more severe cases, exchange transfusion may be needed, which involves replacing a small amount of the infant’s blood with donor blood.

4. Prevention: There are several ways to help prevent physiological jaundice in newborns, including ensuring that the infant is feeding well and frequently, providing adequate hydration, and monitoring for signs of dehydration or poor feeding. It’s also important to monitor bilirubin levels in newborns who are at increased risk for developing jaundice.

It’s important to work with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to monitor newborns for signs of physiological jaundice and to develop a plan for management and treatment if needed. With proper management, most cases of physiological jaundice resolve without complications.

Immuno-deficiencies in child

Immunodeficiencies in children are conditions where the immune system is unable to function properly, which can lead to increased susceptibility to infections and other health problems. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to immunodeficiencies in children:

1. Types of immunodeficiencies: There are many different types of immunodeficiencies, ranging from primary immunodeficiencies, which are caused by genetic defects in the immune system, to secondary immunodeficiencies, which are caused by other health conditions or treatments. Some examples of primary immunodeficiencies include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), and X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA).

2. Symptoms: The symptoms of immunodeficiencies can vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Children with immunodeficiencies may experience frequent or severe infections, such as ear infections, pneumonia, or skin infections. They may also have difficulty recovering from infections or may experience unusual infections.

3. Diagnosis: Diagnosis of immunodeficiencies may involve blood tests to evaluate the immune system, as well as imaging tests and other diagnostic tools to evaluate for underlying health conditions or infections. A referral to an immunologist or other specialist may be necessary for a definitive diagnosis.

4. Treatment: Treatment for immunodeficiencies may involve medications to boost the immune system, such as immunoglobulin therapy, antibiotics, or antifungal medications. In some cases, bone marrow or stem cell transplantation may be necessary to replace defective immune cells.

5. Prognosis: The prognosis for children with immunodeficiencies varies depending on the type and severity of the condition. Some children may require lifelong treatment or monitoring, while others may experience a full recovery with appropriate treatment.

It’s important for children with suspected immunodeficiencies to receive prompt medical attention and appropriate treatment to help prevent complications and improve outcomes. A pediatrician or other healthcare provider can help coordinate diagnostic testing and develop a treatment plan for children with immunodeficiencies.

Prophylactic immunization is an important aspect of preventative medicine for children. Here are some key points to consider when it comes to immunization programs for the following diseases:

1. T.B.: Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs. The BCG vaccine is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is often given to children in countries where TB is prevalent.

2. Diphtheria Pertussis: Diphtheria and pertussis are bacterial infections that can cause severe respiratory illness. The DTaP vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against both diphtheria and pertussis and is typically given to infants and young children.

3. Polio: Polio is a viral infection that can cause paralysis and other serious health problems. The polio vaccine is typically given as part of a combination vaccine, such as the DTaP-IPV-Hib vaccine, which protects against diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), and hepatitis B.

4. Hepatitis B: Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver. The hepatitis B vaccine is typically given to infants and young children as a series of three doses.

5. Measles Mumps Rhinosis (MMR): Measles, mumps, and rubella are viral infections that can cause a range of health problems, including fever, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. The MMR vaccine is a combination vaccine that protects against all three infections and is typically given to infants and young children.

6. Typhoid Fever: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can cause fever, abdominal pain, and other symptoms. The typhoid vaccine is typically given to children living in areas where typhoid fever is prevalent.

It’s important to work with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to ensure that children receive all recommended vaccines according to the recommended schedule. Vaccines are a safe and effective way to protect children against a range of serious illnesses and can help prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases.

Vomiting, Constipation, Abdominal Pain, Acute Chronic Diarrhea, Hepatomegaly, Jaundice in new born baby

Here are some key points to consider when it comes to vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, acute and chronic diarrhea, hepatomegaly, and jaundice in newborn babies:

1. Vomiting: Vomiting can be common in newborn babies and can be caused by a range of factors, including overfeeding, reflux, or an underlying health condition. It’s important to monitor for signs of dehydration and seek medical attention if vomiting is severe or persistent.

2. Constipation: Constipation in newborn babies is defined as infrequent bowel movements or difficulty passing stool. It can be caused by a range of factors, including formula intolerance, dehydration, or an underlying health condition. Treatment may involve changes to the baby’s diet or medication.

3. Abdominal Pain: Abdominal pain in newborn babies can be caused by a range of factors, including gas, colic, or an underlying health condition. It’s important to monitor for signs of distress and seek medical attention if pain is severe or persistent.

4. Acute and Chronic Diarrhea: Diarrhea in newborn babies can be caused by a range of factors, including infections, food intolerances, or underlying health conditions. Treatment may involve changes to the baby’s diet, medication, or hydration.

5. Hepatomegaly: Hepatomegaly, or an enlarged liver, in newborn babies can be caused by a range of factors, including infections, metabolic disorders, or other health conditions. Diagnosis may involve blood tests, imaging tests, or other diagnostic tools.

6. Jaundice: Jaundice in newborn babies is common and is caused by a buildup of bilirubin in the blood. It typically resolves on its own within a few weeks, but severe or persistent jaundice may require treatment, such as phototherapy or other interventions.

It’s important to work with a pediatrician or other healthcare provider to monitor for and address any health concerns in newborn babies, including vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, hepatomegaly, and jaundice. Early intervention and appropriate treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Disorders of Cardiovascular System in child

There are several disorders of the cardiovascular system that can affect children, including:

1. Congenital heart defects: These are structural problems with the heart that are present at birth. Some congenital heart defects are mild and require no treatment, while others can be life-threatening and require surgery or other interventions.

2. Arrhythmias: These are abnormal heart rhythms that can be caused by a range of factors, including congenital heart defects, infections, or other health conditions. Treatment may involve medication or procedures to correct the rhythm.

3. Kawasaki disease: This is an inflammatory disease that can affect the blood vessels, including those in the heart. It is most common in young children and can cause fever, rash, and other symptoms. Treatment may involve medication or other interventions to reduce inflammation.

4. Rheumatic fever: This is a complication of untreated strep throat that can affect the heart, joints, and other parts of the body. It is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 15. Treatment may involve medication to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

5. Cardiomyopathy: This is a disease of the heart muscle that can cause the heart to become enlarged or thickened, making it difficult to pump blood effectively. Treatment may involve medication, lifestyle changes, or other interventions depending on the underlying cause.

6. Hypertension: High blood pressure can occur in children due to a range of factors, including obesity, kidney disease, or other health conditions. Treatment may involve medication, lifestyle changes, or other interventions to reduce blood pressure and prevent complications.

It’s important for children with cardiovascular disorders to receive appropriate medical care and follow-up to prevent complications and improve outcomes. This may involve working with a pediatric cardiologist or other healthcare provider to manage symptoms, monitor for complications, and develop a personalized treatment plan.

Read on Biochemistry	Read on Human Pathology
Read on Human Physiology	Read on Human Anatomy
Read on Human Microbiology	Read on Fundamentals of Ayurveda
Read on Fasting Nutrition and Dietetics	Read on Physiotherapy
Read on Yoga Therapy	Read on Acupressure
Read on Common diseases and remedies	Read on Common mental disorders and remedies
Read on Acupuncture	Read on Magnetic therapy
Read on Obstetrics and Gynecology	Read on Pediatrics
Read on Physical exercise and fitness